Mitochondrial and cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise training in supine and upright positions in healthy young adults: a randomized parallel arm trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Aerobic exercise training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. Supine exercise training with legs above the heart potentially augments these increases. However, the impact of supine exercise training on mitochondrial biogenesis and cardiovascular adaptations remains unclear. Methods In this single-centred, randomized, parallel arm trial, 19 recreationally active individuals underwent seven sessions of either supine with legs up (SUP; n=9, 6 females) or upright with legs down (UP; n=10, 7 females) aerobic training on a recumbent bike at 71 ± 7 % and 71 ± 2 % of peak work rate (WR peak ), respectively. The study aimed to test the effects of training with decreased muscle oxygenation on indices of muscle mitochondrial remodelling. Secondary outcomes included exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and cardiovascular responses. Results Secondary outcomes revealed significant interaction effects for time to fatigue (TTF) and WR peak in the SUP group during supine testing, suggesting enhanced exercise tolerance and performance. No between group interaction effects were observed for upright testing. No clear effects on mitochondrial biogenesis were observed based on expression of mitochondrial protein subunits and transcriptional regulators. Acutely, HR peak was lower during the SUP Test compared to the UP Test. No central cardiovascular adaptations were observed following training. Conclusions Our exploratory analyses showed that supine aerobic training more effectively improves supine exercise tolerance and performance compared with upright training, despite no differences in measured proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these postural-specific training effects. Registration clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04151095.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".