Cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: prevalence and its association with quality of life
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can significantly impact quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in SLE patients using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Indonesian version (MoCA-INA) and to assess its association with QoL. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of SLE patients from the outpatient clinic at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Data collected included patient characteristics, MoCA-INA scores, the LupusQoL questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores. The independent T-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the association between categorical independent variables and LupusQoL, while Spearman or Pearson correlation tests were used to examine the association between numerical independent variables and QoL. Other factors potentially associated with QoL - including disease duration, age, education level, comorbidities, disease activity, organ involvement, steroid dose, immunosuppressant medication, anxiety, and depression - were also assessed. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 116 subjects, 112 (96.6%) were female, with a mean age of 34.41 (± 10.15) years. Most participants had completed secondary education, were receiving corticosteroids, and had been prescribed hydroxychloroquine. The median MEX-SLEDAI score was 2.75 (range 0-6), and the most common organ involvements were mucocutaneous (90.5%) and musculoskeletal (91.4%) manifestations. The prevalence of cognitive impairment in SLE patients was 57.8%, with most patients experiencing mild cognitive impairment (98.5%). There was no significant difference in QoL between SLE patients with and without cognitive impairment (p = 0.750). Disease duration (r = 0.24, p = 0.011), anxiety (p < 0.001), and depression (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with QoL among SLE patients. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the subjects experienced cognitive impairment. However, there was no significant difference in QoL between SLE patients with and without cognitive impairment. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".