Competitive interactions among the rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, and yttrium) lead to quantitative decreases in biouptake by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With increasing mining and production of the rare earth elements (REE), it is important to quantify their potential environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantitatively relate REE biouptake to exposure under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Internalization fluxes of three REE cations (La 3+ , Ce 3+ , and Y 3+ ) were measured at environmentally relevant concentrations (10 −9 – 5 × 10 −6 M) in order to determine the stability constants of their interaction with biological uptake sites in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (logK La = 7.9 M -1 ; logK Ce = 7.6 M -1 ; logK Y = 7.8 M -1 ). Biouptake for cation pairs and ternary metal mixtures confirmed a competitive (antagonistic) interaction among the three REE that was well predicted using constants from the single metal experiments, indicating that the REE shared a common uptake site. Competition for Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ was also quantified, and while less important than for the REE, the constants (logK Ca = 4.7 M -1 ; logK Mg = 3.8 M -1 ) indicated that water hardness will nearly completely reduce biouptake and effects of the REE for environmentally relevant concentrations of the hardness ions (e.g. biouptake reduced by ∼78 % for a [Ca]/[REE] of 10 4 and ∼97 % for [Ca]/[REE] of 10 5 ). • Bioaccumulation of rare earth metals La, Ce and Y was determined for phytoplankton. • La, Ce and Y used a common uptake site. • The presence of a second rare earth metal reduced biouptake of the first. • Ca and Mg strongly reduced biouptake of the rare earth metals. • Biotic ligand model constants were determined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".