Sex-Specific Associations of Cardiovascular Risk Factors With Subclinical Cardiac Remodelling: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, yet sex-specific risk factor influences remain understudied.Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging detects early remodelling via left ventricular mass-to-volume ratio (LVMV), a validated concentricity marker.This study examines sex differences in the association of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, diet, and cardiac remodelling.Methods: We analyzed 622 age-matched adults (51% female, mean age 50.8 Æ 9.5) from the Courtois Cardiovascular Signature Program.LVMV was defined as left ventricular (LV) systolic mass divided by enddiastolic volume.Alcohol and sugar intake was self-rated on a Likert scale.Mann-Whitney U and regression analyses assessed sex-specific associations between CV risk factors and LVMV.Results: Hypertension was present in 20.6% of men and 17.4% of women: diabetes in 9.8% and 6.0%.Men had higher triglycerides, alcohol/ sugar intake, and LVMV (0.92 Æ 0.20 vs 0.77 Æ 0.18 g/mL).Hypertension correlated with higher LVMV in both sexes (men: ß ¼ 0.099, P < 0.001; women: ß ¼ 0.078, P < 0.05), whereas triglycerides (ß ¼ 0.032, P < 0.05) and alcohol intake (H ¼ 19.41, P < 0.0001) were male-specific predictors.In female patients, diabetes and sugar intake were significantly associated with LVMV (ß ¼ 0.102, ß ¼ 0.062, P < 0.05).Conclusions: CV risk factors affect cardiac remodelling differently by sex.In men, LVMV was linked to triglycerides and alcohol intake, whereas in women, diabetes and sugar intake showed stronger as- R ESUM EContexte : Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) constituent la principale cause de d ecès chez les femmes, bien que l'influence des facteurs de risque sp ecifiques du sexe demeure sous-etudi ee.L'imagerie par r esonance magn etique (IRM) cardiaque permet de d etecter un remodelage pr ecoce au moyen du rapport masse/volume ventriculaire gauche, qui est un marqueur de concentricit e valid e. Cette etude examine les diff erences sexuelles en ce qui concerne les facteurs de risque, l'alimentation et le remodelage cardiaque.M ethodologie : Nous avons analys e 622 adultes appari es selon l'âge (51 % de femmes, âge moyen 50,8 Æ 9,5 ans) du Programme Courtois signature cardiovasculaire.Le rapport masse/volume ventriculaire gauche etait d efini comme la masse systolique ventriculaire gauche divis ee par le volume t el ediastolique.La consommation d'alcool et de sucre etait not ee par les patients sur une echelle Likert.Un test U de Mann-Whitney et des analyses de r egression ont evalu e des liens sp ecifiques du sexe entre les facteurs de risque CV et le rapport masse/volume ventriculaire gauche. R esultats : L'hypertensionetait pr esente chez 20,6 % des hommes et 17,4 % des femmes; le diabète chez 9,8 % et 6,0 %, respectivement.Les taux de triglyc erides, la consommation d'alcool/de sucre et le rapport masse/volume ventriculaire gauche etaient plus elev es chez les hommes que chez les femmes (0,92 Æ 0,20 vs 0,77 Æ 0,18 g/ml).Il existait une corr elation entre l'hypertension et le rapport masse/volume ventriculaire gauche chez les deux sexes (hommes : ß Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women globally, accounting for 1 in 3 deaths each year.1,2 Despite the increasing volume of sex-specific data on CVD, it remains under-researched, under-diagnosed, and under-treated. 1 This disparity highlights the urgent need to better understand sex differences in progression and management of CVD.Traditional risk factors for CVDdincluding hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes (T2D)dare well established;
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".