Relationships Between Permafrost Distribution and Surface Conditions Along the Hudson Bay Railway Evaluated Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Hudson Bay Railway, completed in 1929, was Canada's first major infrastructure built on permafrost. The railway requires maintenance to repair track deformations caused by permafrost thaw, and climate change is exacerbating these issues. Mitigating thaw-related hazards requires information about permafrost conditions, but many data gaps exist. During a permafrost characterization field program, we surveyed five sites along the northern section of the railway. Here, electrical resistivity tomography surveys are interpreted with the aid of frost table measurements, borehole data, and drone imagery. By comparing borehole temperatures to electrical resistivity data, temperature-resistivity relationships were quantified and used to delineate frozen and unfrozen subsurface regions. Results show that permafrost is affected by surface water, vegetation, wildfire, peat plateaus, and the railway embankment. These efforts to understand permafrost conditions and variability are an important step toward predicting hazards and maintaining resilient infrastructure in the North.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".