Numerical Examination of Particle and Substrate Oxide Layer Failure and Porosity Formation in Coatings Deposited Using Liquid Cold Spray
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cold spray (CS) uses high-velocity gas to deposit solid particles without oxidation or phase change. To make the spraying process more economical, a wider-sized cut of feedstock particles needs to be deposited. The liquid cold spray (LCS) process, which uses water as a propellant, has been developed to achieve this goal. The use of water as a propellant may adversely affect particle deformation and adhesion. In this study, numerical methods are used to analyze particle and substrate oxide failure to determine the effects of wetting on particle adhesion to a substrate. The results indicate that water on the particle surface or on substrate would reduce the deformation of both. The area in which oxide layers fail and metallurgical bonding can occur would be reduced. A portion of the water may become entrapped between the particle and the substrate, adversely affecting the bonding area. Increasing particle velocity and decreasing water thickness can reduce the volume of trapped water and improve density by increasing particle deformation and decreasing pore size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".