Behavioural and psychological symptoms among out-patients with different cognitive states: cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The study examines the behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSs) associated with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), highlighting the prevalence and impact of these symptoms on individuals with varying levels of cognitive function, particularly in the context of the increasing incidence of dementia among the ageing population. AIMS: To explore the BPSs among out-patients with different cognitive statuses. METHOD: This cross-sectional study enrolled out-patients who attended the cognitive assessment out-patient clinic at our hospital between January 2018 and October 2022. The patients' cognitive status was evaluated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Activities of Daily Living and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic scales. RESULTS: The study enrolled 3273 out-patients, including 688 (21%) with cognitively unimpairment, 1831 (56%) with MCI and 754 (23%) with dementia. The NPI score, the percentage of patients with BPSs and the number of BPSs increased with decreasing cognition level. Unordered logistic regression analysis showed that after adjustment of confounding variables, delusions, depression, euphoria and psychomotor alterations were independently associated with MCI. Delusions, agitation, euphoria, apathy, psychomotor alterations and sleep change were independently associated with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: NPI scores, the percentage of patients with BPSs and the numbers of BPSs increased with declining cognitive function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".