Unveiling the nesting secrets of the Urubamba Antpitta, <i>Grallaria occabambae</i> (Aves: Grallariidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Overall nest description and the nesting biology of Neotropical bird species are poorly known. The recent split of bird species complexes into multiple independent lineages has exacerbated this lack of knowledge. Hence, we describe the nesting biology of Grallaria occabambae, a recent split in the G. rufula complex from south-eastern Peru. Our research was conducted at the Wayqecha Biological Station in the department of Cusco, Peru. We monitored four nests of G. occabambae between 2823 and 2991 m, on mature forest dominated by Chusquea. The cup nests were located in a shallow cavity in a tree or a tree fern. The eggs were pale blue with small reddish flecks and weighed 6.3 ± 0.4 g. Parental birds averaged 4 ± 0.8 off-bout trips per day, with an average duration of 23.9 ± 16.2 min each across incubation. Nocturnal incubation events occurred from 6.20pm to 6.00am, and we recorded on two nights a nocturnal off-bout from 10.00pm to 12.00pm, during which inner nest temperature dropped to an average of 10.2 ± 2.9°C, differing from the average daytime nest temperatures of 28.9 ± 3.2°C. The nestlings were pinkish to orange with pale black natal down on the crown, nape, neck, thigh, and scapulars. Nestlings grow 7.9 g/day and develop fluffy post-natal down until the 17th–19th day when they start growing primary feathers or more adult-like feathering (before leaving the nest). Our findings suggest that G. occabambae has similar nesting habits to other antpittas, particularly those of the G. rufula complex. We provide the first nesting information on G. occabambae and contribute to our understanding of the ecology and conservation of this poorly known species complex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".