PREVALENCE, PATTERN, RISK FACTORS, AND MANAGEMENT OF ABDOMINAL AND INGUINAL HERNIAS IN KING FAHAD HOSPITAL AT AL-BAHA CITY, SAUDI ARABIA 2024.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Abdominal hernia is common among genders and all ages. However, information about the prevalence and risk factors of abdominal hernia is still limited in Saudi Arabia. The aim of the study is to assess the Prevalence, Pattern, Risk Factors, and management of abdominal and inguinal hernias. METHOD: This is an observational study set in King Fahad Hospital (KFH- Al-Baha) in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia, with an inclusion of patients aged 18-80 years old who presented with abdominal or inguinal hernias between January 2022 and January 2024, excluding pediatric patients, patients above 80 & and patients with deficient data. RESULTS: The study included 219 patients, and the most reported type of hernia was indirect inguinal (37.9%). The most common risk factor was a history of previous abdominal surgery (26%), followed by comorbidities like diabetes mellitus (15%) and hypertension (13%). Seventeen percent suffered from hernia recurrence. Most of the hernia cases were reducible (96%). Strangulation features (pain and tenderness) were noted in 3.2% of patients. Ninety-two percent of the patients underwent elective surgical management, with open hernioplasty being the most common (42%). The analysis of hernia types in relation to demographic and clinical characteristics revealed that only gender was a significant finding. Males had significantly higher odds of developing indirect inguinal hernia (OR=35.7, 95% CI: 11.6-165, p<0.001) and direct inguinal hernia (OR=8.15, 95% CI: 2.27-52.2, p=0.006). Conversely, male gender was a protective factor against umbilical (OR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.09-0.58, p=0.002), paraumbilical (OR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.07-0.26, p<0.001), and incisional hernias (OR=0.30, 95% CI: 0.09-0.92, p=0.040). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the most common type of hernia was indirect inguinal hernia. Most of the patients underwent elective surgical management, with open hernioplasty being the most common.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".