Sub-zero temperatures during early spring migration in blue-spotted salamanders ( <i>Ambystoma laterale</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Amphibians that reproduce in early spring at northern latitudes may encounter environmental ice while migrating to their breeding sites. Due to the nucleation properties of ice, contact with environmental ice may induce rapid freezing of body tissues, which can cause irreversible damage to cells and lead to death. Although some species of salamanders are known to move over ice during early spring migration, freeze-intolerant species are expected to avoid physical contact with ice crystals to minimise the risk of freezing. Here, we documented the thermal biology of the freeze-intolerant blue-spotted salamander ( Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856) migrating at sub-zero temperatures in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. During our surveys, we found sheltered, inactive, and migrating individuals; some in direct contact with ice. Our field measurements of skin temperature using high resolution thermal imaging suggest that A. laterale can sustain activity in a supercooled state (i.e., chilled below the freezing point of body fluids but not frozen). By migrating in a supercooled state, these salamanders may overcome the risk of freezing while simultaneously prolonging their breeding season and potentially avoiding predators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".