Bibliographic record
Abstract
The immediate postwar and early Cold War years (1945–56) were a key transformative period in the history of organised labour in North America and Western Europe as unions moved from initial cooperation with the Soviet Union to acquiescence with Cold War anticommunism. At first, many unionists and other members of civil society hoped that new multinational organisations could prevent future wars and ensure good jobs at good wages for workers. They supported the creation of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, and other similar organisations, while adding their own in 1945, the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), which included both communist and noncommunist unions. The rise of the Cold War and a revival of prewar tensions between socialists and communists led to a decisive split in the WFTU in 1949, as its American and British affiliates left to form the rival International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). In parallel, trade union federations across North America and in Western Europe moved to expel communist and communist-sympathetic members from their ranks, winning government support, but in the process weakening themselves as they lost members and skilled organisers. Finally, in 1955–56, the US and Canadian union movements, split since the 1930s into two competing federations, unified under solidly anticommunist leaderships that, particularly in the United States, emphasised bread-and-butter workplace issues over efforts at broader social reform. During the 1960s and onwards, the activities of American labour leaders in Latin America, as well as their support for the Vietnam War, further weakened US labour. For a short period during the 1980s and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, unions in that region played key roles in undermining communism, but by the end of the twentieth century, for different reasons, organised labour in both the West and East had suffered significant declines in both numbers and influence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.201 | 0.075 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".