Experimental study of butanol droplet combustion in a turbulent, elevated-pressure environment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To assist in the search for clean liquid alternative fuels for future combustion engines, the combustion characteristics of butanol droplets were experimentally investigated. The experiments were conducted under varying flow turbulence intensity, q 0.5 , (up to 0.5 m/s), pressure (up to 11 bar), and ambient compositions, including different levels of O 2 , C O 2 , and N 2 , at room temperature. A fan-stirred spherical chamber, equipped with four pairs of axial fans, was used to generate a controlled turbulent flow field with negligible mean velocity. A 500 µm butanol droplet was suspended on a single micro-fiber at the center of the chamber and ignited using a coil resistance wire. The combustion process, including the droplet time history and luminous flame structure, was recorded using two synchronized cameras. The findings revealed that increasing ambient pressure enhances the burning rate, K b , while the effect of turbulence varies with pressure. At low pressure, turbulence has minimal impact, whereas at higher pressure, K b increases with q 0.5 , before declining due to temporary luminous extinction (TLE). Butanol exhibits a lower K b than heptane; however, under high-pressure, high-turbulence conditions, their K b values converge. Additionally, butanol droplet combustion is influenced by O 2 and C O 2 concentrations. Oxygen improves K b by delaying TLE, while C O 2 reduces K b by lowering flame temperature and thermal conductivity of the ambient mixture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".