High-resolution monitoring of CO2 sequestration using walkaway vertical seismic profile and full-waveform inversion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Applying full-waveform inversion (FWI) to walkway vertical seismic profile (VSP) data provides a promising method for obtaining high-resolution models of subsurface physical properties. Although time-lapse FWI has shown potential for monitoring reservoir changes caused by CO2 storage with high resolution, its application in field data remains scarce due to its vulnerability to nonrepeatable noise. We conduct a field experiment using time-lapse VSP data and FWI to monitor long-term changes in a thin, shallow reservoir due to CO2 injection. We develop a workflow that uses time-lapse FWI for field walkway VSP data to identify time-lapse changes related to less than 60 tons of CO2 injected into a 7 m thick reservoir at a depth of 300 m. A frequency range of 5 to 60 Hz is applied to achieve high-resolution results. This experiment indicates the capability of FWI to perform high-resolution inversion and detect time-lapse anomalies within a shallow reservoir caused by a small amount of CO2 injection. To the best of our knowledge, no similar field experiments have been reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".