Water surface roughness measurement and its potential effect on air–water interaction in a partially filled circular pipe
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The water surface roughness and its potential effect on the air flow in the headspace of a circular pipe were investigated. A phase-detection intrusive conductivity probe was fabricated, achieving a sampling rate 50 times higher and a special resolution 84 times smaller than a regular ultrasonic sensor. Two dimensionless parameters were introduced to characterize the water surface roughness under varying hydraulic conditions in free surface flow within a circular pipe. It was found that the water surface roughness is primarily correlated with the Froude number of the water flow. Flow with a higher Froude number corresponds to a higher air–water transition thickness but a lower ratio between the actual and projection air–water contact area. This indicates that water surface fluctuations in higher Froude numbers have higher amplitudes but lower frequencies, and vice versa. A corrected drag coefficient considering the water surface roughness was proposed for describing the momentum transfer from water to air flow in a circular pipe. The corrected drag coefficient is mainly related to the Froude number of the water flow. The proposed drag coefficient effectively reflects a more fundamental mechanism of air–water interaction for free surface flow in a circular pipe.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it