Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet for a Better Sperm Quality: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether a higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) can enhance reproductive indicators in infertile men. A comprehensive review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess whether increased adherence to the MD can enhance reproductive indicators in infertile men. An extensive search was conducted for pertinent studies in PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search included relevant publications published in the last 10 years from 2015. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 instrument was used to evaluate the studies. The study's quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The data were analyzed and evaluated using RevMan version 5.4.1. The data on sperm volume were not statistically significant. The meta-analysis indicated an odds ratio of 1.06 for low semen volume (<1.5 mL) associated with low adherence to the MD (I2=12%; 95% CI:0.59–1.93, p=0.84). Furthermore, the analysis revealed a 2.86-fold increase in the probability of achieving higher sperm concentration (>15 × 106/mL) in individuals who adhered to the MD (I2=33%; 95% CI:1.58–5.18, p=0.0005). The meta-analysis further suggests that adherence to the MD is associated with a 2.54-fold increase in the likelihood of improving sperm count (>39 × 106/ejaculate) (I2=48%; OR=2.54; 95% CI:1.32–4.90, p=0.005). The meta-analysis on sperm motility demonstrated that individuals who adhere strictly to the MD are more likely to exhibit normal motility (>40%) (I2=0%; OR=4.64; 95% CI:2.41–8.95, p<0.00001). The meta-analysis further revealed a 2.66-fold increased likelihood of better sperm morphology (>4%) (I2=0%; OR=2.66; 95% CI:1.39–5.10, p=0.003) in individuals adhering to the MD. The present systematic review with meta-analysis indicates that higher adherence to the MD is associated with improved sperm quality parameters (sperm count, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.013 | 0.029 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".