Enhancing passivity and corrosion resistance of laser-powder bed fused maraging stainless steel CX through TiC-induced microstructure tailoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Maraging stainless steel Corrax® (also known as SS CX) can be successfully processed using the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technology. However, the fabricated alloy exhibits anisotropic properties due to the formation of columnar grains along the build direction. While heat treatment can partially address this issue, it cannot fully eliminate it and adds an additional post-processing step to the manufacturing cycle. This research explores the strategic addition of TiC particles as an effective inoculant to refine the microstructure of L-PBF SS CX and investigates the influence of these microstructural changes on its corrosion performance—an area yet to be explored in existing literature. TiC particles were incorporated into the initial SS CX powder feedstock at 1 wt% and 2 wt% concentrations, and the results were compared to those of the non-inoculated alloy. The addition of TiC inoculants effectively refined the grain structure and promoted the formation of a duplex microstructure comprising martensite and austenite in the inoculated alloys. Specifically, the proportion of the smallest grains ( ≤ 2 μm) increased significantly, rising from 24.6 % in the SS CX sample with 1 wt% TiC to 29.3 % in the SS CX sample with 2 wt% TiC. This grain refinement significantly reduced corrosion susceptibility and enhanced the overall corrosion resistance of the alloy. In this context, the charge transfer resistance of 2.8 × 10 6 Ω·cm 2 observed for L-PBF SS CX increased by 18 % and 71 % in samples containing 1 wt% and 2 wt% TiC, respectively. Similarly, the corrosion current densities of the L-PBF SS CX samples with 1 wt% and 2 wt% TiC were one and two orders of magnitude lower, respectively, than those of the non-inoculated counterpart. Moreover, the refined microstructure facilitated the formation of a more uniform and defect-free passive film, further improving the corrosion resistance of TiC-inoculated L-PBF SS CX.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".