Late Neolithic Burials at the Tuakhane IX Cemetery (Lake Baikal)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper is dedicated to the materials from the Late Neolithic graves excavated at the Tuahane IX cemetery in 2019 and 2020 by the Russian-Canadian expedition from the Irkutsk State University. The cemetery is located on the cape of the same name on the northwestern coast of the Little Sea part of Lake Baikal. The paper presents results of comprehensive examination of seven graves. The typical characteristics of the burial practice include: surface and intra-grave structures made of stones, the extended supine position of the deceased with the head pointing northwest, the use of sheets of birch bark to cover the body, and the use of fire inside burial pits. Single interments are dominant but in one case (Grave 21) two burials of mature men were recorded. All burials were accompanied by at least some grave goods. The burials of males associated with richer assemblages both in terms of quantity and morphological variation. Male assemblages included lithic arrowheads, leaf-shaped biface knives, and adzes as well as fishing tools (harpoon, lithic fish lure) and antler bow stiffeners. Grave 6 with female burial contained household items. All graves contained fragments of round-bottomed clay vessels decorated with dotted ornament. Poor preservation and fragmentation of human skeletons made it difficult to determine the sex and age of the six burials accurately. The female burial in Grave 6 displayed a pathological alteration of the bone structures of the maxillary sinus. Analysis of burial practices and typology of accompanying grave goods demonstrated that both present parallels to the previously examined mortuary assemblages of the Late Neolithic Serovo mortuary tradition in the Olkhon micro-region. Corrected for the freshwater reservoir effect AMS dates (n = X) generated of bone samples from these skeletons range from 5991 to 4870 cal. BP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".