Abnormal Brain Functional Connectivity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Correlations with Clinical and Cognitive Parameters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairment is a major comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain functional connectivity (FC) abnormalities in patients with COPD and explored the correlation between abnormal FC and COPD-related clinical parameters. Methods: Forty-one patients with COPD, without a definite diagnosis of cognitive impairment or depression, and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. A total of 184 resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) maps were generated for all seed points. Welch’s t -test was used to assess differences in RSFC between the COPD and control groups, and the correlation coefficients between RSFC and clinical parameters were calculated. Results: Patients with COPD had lower scores on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory than the control group. Additionally, patients with COPD showed decreased RSFC in the left middle-posterior cingulate cortex, left posterior-dorsal cingulate cortex, and right superior occipital gyrus and increased RSFC in the left superior temporal sulcus, left posterior transverse collateral sulcus, right occipital pole, and right precentral gyrus. The regions showing differences in FC correlated with MMSE score, COPD symptom assessment scales, such as the COPD Assessment Test and modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale, and pulmonary function parameters, including forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity. Conclusion: Patients with COPD showed significant differences in FC within specific brain regions that correlated with symptoms, cognition, and lung function. Keywords: Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, resting state functional connectivity
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".