Anthropogenic low-frequency sound effects on resting metabolism and energy pathways in two marine benthic crustaceans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Anthropogenic sound caused by ship traffic as well as the construction and operation of offshore windfarms have increased exponentially in the last decades. While its impact on marine life is relatively well studied for mammals and fish, the implications of anthropogenic sound on benthic invertebrates are poorly understood. Here, we tested for potential stress responses of common marine invertebrates using two widespread mesograzing crustaceans: the isopod Idotea balthica and the amphipod Gammarus locusta . All experimental animals were gathered from laboratory cultures in the facilities of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, Germany, in spring 2023. Oxygen consumption rates and the activities of four key mitochondrial enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase, electron transport system complex I and III, citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase) were examined under the influence of added low-frequency sound (+ 25 dB SPL RMS re 1 µPa at 90 Hz, above background soundscape) to assess how basal energy demands and supplies were affected. The isopod I. balthica seemed to be robust against added sound exposure over 72 h as neither oxygen consumption rates nor enzyme activities were significantly altered. The amphipod G. locusta , however, displayed significantly lower oxygen consumption rates in response to both short-term (1–4 h; 39% reduction) and longer-term (68–72 h; 35% reduction) added sound exposure, although enzymatic activities were not significantly affected. This study underlines the need to address the potential impact of sound on the energy available for the growth and reproduction of small invertebrates. Overlooked vulnerabilities to noise pollution in key taxa could have far reaching implications for marine food webs, nutrient cycles and ecosystem functioning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".