Survey of fungal endophytes in barley under Fusarium head blight infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating fungal disease caused by Fusarium graminearum, which affects barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and other small cereal grains. Fungal endophytes are microorganisms that reside inside tissues and considered that they may have been involved in various roles of the plants. This study involved the comparison of fungal endophytes between “non-infected/clean” and “FHB-infected” barley genotypes in various tissues collected at different plant developmental stages and were grown under different conditions (i.e., greenhouse, research field, and FHB-field nursery). We hypothesized that fungal endophytes diversity and abundance may differ between plant tissues in various barley genotypes that were non-infected and FHB-infected. The 18S-internal transcribed spacer sequencing analysis revealed a greater number of fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and endophyte species in FHB-infected barley compared to clean barley. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey's pairwise comparison test ( p ≤ 0.05) were performed to test significant differences. Higher seed endophyte diversity was found in FHB-infected (120 OTUs) compared to non-infected (113 OTUs) harvested in 2021. The increase in diversity of endophytes that contributes to different roles in plant protection and defense, such as biocontrol agents, may prevent the growth of Fusarium species and decrease FHB-infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".