Acute toxicity of three alkylbenzene sulfonates in six freshwater aquatic species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS) are surfactants widely used in residential and commercial products. To support the environmental risk assessment of these compounds, the acute toxicity of three ABS, linear (n-ABS), branched (BABS), and alkyl phenoxybenzene sulfonates (APBS), was evaluated using six aquatic organisms from different trophic levels (algae, daphnid, amphipod, mussel, snail, and fish). This approach allowed direct comparisons among species to provide insights into species sensitivity to these surfactants, and among compounds to provide information on those with a lack of ecotoxicity data (e.g., BABS, APBS). Endpoints related to survival, growth, and physiological changes were recorded. Comparisons among the three ABS were based on nominal concentrations due to the absence of pure analytical standards for APBS. However, analytical methods were developed for BABS and available for n-ABS, so effects of these compounds were also evaluated based on measured concentrations. Results showed differences in sensitivity among compounds for all species exposed to environmental concentrations of ABS, except for snails, which showed similar sensitivity to all surfactants and were among the most tolerant species. Based on nominal concentrations, the EC50/LC50 values for n-ABS, BABS, and APBS ranged, respectively, from 5.0 to 17.8 mg/L, 7.3 to 25.6 mg/L, and 3.5 to > 100 mg/L. The most sensitive species to n-ABS were fish, mussels, and amphipods, while amphipods and mussels were the most sensitive to BABS and APBS, respectively. Species sensitivity was also evaluated using measured concentrations of n-ABS and BABS. The results indicated that EC50/LC50 values varied from 1.24 to 13.13 mg/L and from 1.53 to 5.21 mg/L for n-ABS and BABS, respectively, and were in the range of concentrations reported in environmental surface waters. Amphipods and mussels could therefore be relevant sensitive model organisms for the environmental risk assessment of n-ABS and BABS.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".