Migration, gender roles, and empowerment: an assessment of women left behind married to internal and international migrants in Ghana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Does husband migration entail a watershed change in gender roles and the empowerment of women left behind in Ghana? This study adopts a comparative approach to investigate this important issue among Ghanaian women left behind married to internal and international migrants. Using in-depth interviews and Connell’s social theory of gender and power, the findings revealed that prior to husbands’ migration, participants predominantly performed culturally expected roles as women, such as caregiving, nurturing, and homemaking. Following their husbands’ migration, however, gender roles performed by the participants varied along household structures, with the majority of women’ groups assumed traditional masculine and feminine household responsibilities. The assumption of masculine roles has implications for their motherhood. Regarding women’s empowerment, while majority of women experienced increased autonomy and spatial mobility, differences emerged regarding access to financial resources and achievements following their husbands’ migration. Specifically, compared to wives of internal and interregional migrants, their counterparts married to intercontinental migrants had better access to and control over financial resources and met their medium-term future goals. These gains in empowerment were made possible by adequate and larger financial remittances received, demonstrating the transformational power of intercontinental migration. This study suggests that there are multiple factors that lead to women’s empowerment, such that some are more likely than others to become empowered on specific dimensions, as demonstrated in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".