The impact of dietary fat and fatty acid consumption on human health: A comprehensive review of meta-analyses and the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Understanding the impact of dietary fats on human health and the latest global health burden attributable to unbalanced intake of fatty acids remains a challenge. Scope and approach We assessed the existing meta-analyses based on randomised controlled trials or prospective cohort studies , up until May 13, 2024. We extracted data on the prevalence and attributable burden of unbalanced fatty acid intakes from 1990 to 2021 by locations, ages and sexes, according to the Global Burden of Disease 2021. Key findings and conclusions This study included 167 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Moderate-quality evidence revealed beneficial relationships between the intake of omega-6 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (class II), overall cancer mortality (class II), and all-cause mortality (class II). Furthermore, moderate-quality evidence suggested that seafood-derived omega-3 fatty acids were associated with reduced triglyceride levels (class IV), elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol (class IV), and a decreased risk of coronary heart disease (class III). However, a significant global prevalence of inadequate omega-6 and seafood omega-3 fatty acid intakes still existed, a situation particularly marked in less-developed regions and nations. The regions in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America have recently experienced an increase in summary exposure values and attributable burden for diets low in omega-6 and diets low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids. Moreover, CVD mortality attributable to unbalanced fatty acid intakes was higher in the elderly aged 75+. We also observed that the associations between total fat consumption and multiple important health outcomes were not statistically significant, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus , stroke, CVD mortality, and cancer mortality. Therefore, dietary guidelines that currently advise limitations on total fat intake should consider our findings when revising their future recommendations. Furthermore, daily intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids , especially omega-6 and seafood omega-3 fatty acids, should be increased, particularly in some less-developed regions and countries. Future efforts should prioritize interventions targeting individuals aged ≥75 years to optimize fatty acid intake and CVD management, such as enhancing nutritional education and improving the food supply chain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".