FIRST RECORDED ACCOUNT OF A HUMPBACK WHALE (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE) FEEDING ON SPAWNING PACIFIC HERRING (CLUPEA PALLASII) IN THE SALISH SEA, AND LOOKING FORWARD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the North Pacific are typically found in breeding grounds at low latitudes during winter months. However, some individuals remain on northern feeding grounds (including the Salish Sea) year-round or return to high latitudes earlier. Here, we report on the 1st documented case of a Humpback Whale foraging on winter-spawning Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) in the Salish Sea in British Columbia, Canada. We observed a single juvenile Humpback Whale lunge feeding on herring during the March herring spawn surrounding Hornby Island. Presence of Humpback Whales in foraging grounds during winter could suggest that this population is experiencing some degree of nutritional stress. Considering the lunge-feeding strategy used, high site fidelity, and rapid cultural transmission in Humpback Whale populations, if more individuals learn to take advantage of this winter resource, there is the potential for localized declines of herring through top-down forcing and increased risk of whale interactions with fishing vessels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".