Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of artificial tissue fabricated from concentrated collagen using mechano-chemical treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study sought to develop artificial tissues possessing mechanical properties similar to those of human tendons. Collagen solution, concentrated via dialysis, was used to form a collagen gel . The gel was then subjected to mechano-chemical treatment, applying a 20-g static mechanical loading and a chemical cross-linker, genipin , to collagen gel at 37 °C for 48 h, to shape the gel into artificial tissue by inducing longitudinal alignment of collagen fibres and enhancing cross-linking between them (20gStretch tissue). To characterise mechanical and biological properties, quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests , as well as a biocompatibility test, were performed. 20gStretch tissue possessed tensile strength of 10 MPa, tangent modulus of 317 MPa, and strain at failure of 4.2 %. Stress relaxation was ∼20 %. Hysteresis loss was ∼20 %, and residual strain was ∼30 % of the magnitude of the applied strain when subjected to 2 % and 4 % cyclic stretching. These properties were significantly more tendon-like than tissues made without mechanical loading (Static tissues). Indeed, collagen fibres in 20gStretch tissue were well aligned to the loading direction, which was not observed in Static tissues. When embedded along rat Achilles tendon , 20gStretch tissues induced only a minimal inflammatory reaction and maintained tissue integrity for 12 weeks. Although only the modulus of 20gStretch tissue reached the level of human tendon, other properties, such as strength and extensibility require further improvement. Nonetheless, our method fabricated highly elastic, biocompatible, artificial tissues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".