Trajectory of Early Life Adiposity Among South Asian Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Importance: Measures of childhood adiposity merit investigation, particularly in individuals of South Asian descent. Objective: To investigate prenatal and childhood factors associated with the trajectory of adiposity in South Asian children, and the cumulative contribution of modifiable factors, such as diet and physical activity, on this trajectory. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was a prospective analysis of the South Asian Birth Cohort (START; 2011-2015) for discovery; and the Family Atherosclerosis Monitoring In Early Life (FAMILY; 2002-2009) in Ontario, Canada, and the Born in Bradford (BiB; 2008-2009) cohort in Bradford, UK, for validation. Mother-child pairs included 903 South Asian individuals (START), 675 White European individuals (FAMILY), and 1593 individuals (BiB), of which 52% were South Asian. Analysis was conducted from March 2020 to September 2024. Exposure: Maternal, infancy, and early childhood exposures. Main Outcomes and Measures: Adiposity, assessed by the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses (SSF) from birth to 3 years, aggregated to a single measure as total area under the growth curve (AUC for SSF); multivariable linear regression models to identify determinants of AUC for SSF; and a cumulative score to assess joint contribution of modifiable risk factors to AUC for SSF. Results: START included 903 children (456 female [50.5%]; mean [SD] maternal age, 30.2 [4.0] years; maternal mean [SD] prepregnancy body mass index [BMI], 23.8 [4.50]). Maternal sum of skinfold thicknesses (β = 0.80 [95% CI, 0.30-1.30] per 10 mm), gestational weight gain (β = 0.38 [95% CI, 0.02-0.74] per 5 kg), a health-conscious diet score (β = -0.68 [95% CI, -1.26 to -0.10] per 1 SD), and infant breastfeeding for the first year (β = -1.68 [95% CI, -2.94 to -0.42), as well as physical activity (β = -0.33 [95% CI, -0.57 to -0.09] per 30-min/d) and screen time (β = 0.49 [95% CI, 0.18-0.81] per 30-min/d) were each independently associated with AUC for SSF. These 6 early-life modifiable factors combined into a single score had a direct, graded association between number of factors and AUC for SSF (P for trend < .001). In the validation cohorts, maternal BMI, breastfeeding, and child physical activity were replicated and showed a similar graded association with AUC for SSF (P for trend < .001) when combined. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of South Asian children, 6 modifiable factors were associated with lower adiposity and combined into a single score. This score may be useful in clinical and public health settings to help mitigate childhood obesity in South Asian individuals and beyond.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".