Microencapsulation of Betacyanin from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel by Foam-Mat Drying for Natural Food Colorant Application
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growing demand for natural food colorants highlights the potential of betacyanin, a red-violet pigment from dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel, valued for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.However, its application is limited by sensitivity to heat, light, and pH variations.This study aimed to enhance the stability and usability of betacyanin as a natural food coloring agent through microencapsulation using the foam-mat drying method.The extraction process was optimized using ultrasound-assisted extraction with a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) 3 levels (X1: temperature; X2: solvent concentration; X3: solid to solvent ratio) and a total of 15 experiments to maximize total betacyanin content and color intensity.Foaming agents were screened, with SP exhibiting the highest foam expansion and stability among commercial foaming agents.The foam was subsequently dried at 60 under vacuum to produce a stable, bioactive powder.The foam-mat drying resulted in encapsulated betacyanin with favorable properties, including high solubility of around 80% and encapsulation efficiency of up to 85%, making it suitable for applications in the food industry as a natural coloring agent.Moreover, foam-mat microencapsulation is more cost-effective and easier to implement than microencapsulation using spray drying.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it