MétaCan
Menu
Back to cohort
Record W4409346900 · doi:10.4212/cjhp.3606

Counting the Carbon: Quantifying Financial and Environmental Implications of Wasted Inhaler Doses in the Hospital Setting

2025· article· en· W4409346900 on OpenAlexaffvenue
Alison Bentley, Celia Culley, Valeria Stoynova

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicInhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
Canadian institutionsIsland Health
Fundersnot available
KeywordsInhalerBusinessMedicineMedical emergencyInternal medicineAsthma

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Background: Inhalers contribute to health care–related environmental impacts, particularly through greenhouse gas emissions. They are dispensed in multidose formats, which leads to waste, yet little is known about the environmental impact of inhaler waste in the hospital setting. Objectives: The primary objective was to quantify wasted inhaler actuations on adult medicine and respiratory wards at a community and a tertiary hospital. Secondary objectives were to quantify the cost and carbon footprint of wasted doses, to determine the rate of duplicate inhaler dispensing, and to quantify the prevalence of dispensed inhalers remaining unused. Methods: For this multicentre, retrospective chart review, the pharmacy informatics team generated a report of adult inpatients for whom one or more inhalers were dispensed from the pharmacy to the respiratory and general medicine wards at a 500-bed tertiary hospital or to the medicine–surgery ward at a 48-bed community hospital over 3 nonconsecutive months (during fiscal year 2021/22). The number of inhalers dispensed was compared with the number of doses documented on patients’ medication administration records. Results: In this study, 23 031 actuations (211 inhalers) were dispensed for 132 patients. Of these, 81.9% were wasted, at a total cost of $6172.82 over the 3 months of the study. For 22 patients (16.7%), at least one inhaler was dispensed, yet no doses were administered; for 16 (12.1%), a duplicate inhaler was dispensed. The carbon footprint of the wasted doses was 1 226 342 g carbon dioxide equivalent, equivalent to driving 5951 km by car. Conclusions: This study showed significant inhaler waste in the hospital setting, which contributes to the health care–related carbon footprint without contributing to patient care. These results raise important questions about how to continue providing high-quality patient care while minimizing carbon footprint and health care costs. Keywords: drug waste, multidose medications, inhalers, greenhouse gas emissions, climate change RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Les inhalateurs contribuent aux impacts environnementaux liés aux soins de santé, notamment par les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ils sont délivrés en formats multidoses, ce qui entraîne du gaspillage, mais on ne connaît que peu de choses sur l’impact environnemental du gaspillage d’inhalateurs en milieu hospitalier. Objectifs : L’objectif principal consistait à quantifier le nombre de pulvérisations gaspillées dans les services de médecine adulte et de pneumologie d’un hôpital communautaire et d’un hôpital tertiaire. Les objectifs secondaires consistaient quant à eux à quantifier le coût et l’empreinte carbone des doses gaspillées, à déterminer le taux de distribution d’inhalateurs en double et à quantifier la prévalence des inhalateurs délivrés, mais non utilisés par les patients. Méthodologie : Pour cette étude rétrospective multicentrique basée sur l’examen des dossiers, le service informatique de la pharmacie a produit un rapport sur les patients adultes hospitalisés à qui la pharmacie des services de pneumologie et de médecine générale d’un hôpital tertiaire de 500 lits ou du service de médecine-chirurgie d’un hôpital communautaire de 48 lits avait délivré au moins un inhalateur au cours de trois mois distincts (pendant l’exercice 2021–2022). Le nombre d’inhalateurs délivrés a été comparé au nombre de doses documentées dans les fiches d’administration des médicaments des patients. Résultats : Dans cette étude, 211 inhalateurs (23 031 pulvérisations) ont été délivrés pour 132 patients. Parmi ce nombre, 81,9 % des pulvérisations ont été gaspillées, pour un coût total de 6 172,82 $ sur les trois mois à l’étude. Pour 22 patients (16,7 %), au moins un inhalateur a été délivré sans qu’aucune dose n’ait été administrée; pour 16 patients (12,1 %), un inhalateur a été délivré deux fois. L’empreinte carbone des doses gaspillées s’élevait à 1 226 342 grammes d’équivalent dioxyde de carbone, soit l’équivalent de 5951 km parcourus en voiture. Conclusions : Cette étude a mis en évidence un gaspillage important d’inhalateurs en milieu hospitalier, qui contribue à l’empreinte carbone des soins de santé, sans contribuer aux soins pour les patients. Ces résultats soulèvent des questions importantes sur la manière de continuer à offrir des soins de haute qualité, tout en réduisant l’empreinte carbone et les coûts pour les soins de santé. Mots-clés: gaspillage de médicaments, médicaments multidoses, inhalateurs, émissions de gaz à effet de serre, changement climatique

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.005
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.023
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.015
Threshold uncertainty score0.030

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0050.023
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.001
Bibliometrics0.0060.008
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0020.002
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.018
GPT teacher head0.282
Teacher spread0.264 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

Explore more

Same venueThe Canadian Journal of Hospital PharmacySame topicInhalation and Respiratory Drug DeliveryFrench-language works237,207