Thermally induced displacement of soil–structure interface at saturated and unsaturated conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behaviour of soil–structure interfaces under cyclic heating–cooling is crucial for analysing the serviceability limit state of energy geostructures (e.g., energy piles). To date, there has been only one laboratory study investigating thermally induced displacement at soil–structure interfaces under saturated conditions and limited stress conditions. The current work conducted comprehensive heating–cooling tests on saturated and unsaturated interfaces under constant normal and shear stresses using a new direct shear apparatus. The interface shear and normal displacements were measured during thermal cycles in the temperature range of 8 to 42 °C under various net normal stresses, suctions, and shear stresses. The results indicate that the forward displacement (i.e., movement in the same direction as increasing shear stress) induced by cooling is about ten times larger than the displacement induced by heating. This suggests a more critical relative movement of geostructures under cooling, likely due to the reduction of interparticle contact force and collapse of strong force chains. The irreversible forward displacement at 100 kPa net normal stress and 200 kPa suction is 60% smaller than that at 50 kPa net normal stress and 0 kPa suction. Moreover, the relationship between irreversible displacement and shear stress ratio (i.e., the shear stress normalised by the shear strength) suggests the existence of a threshold value of shear stress ratio (i.e., around 0.5 for the tested interface), above which there is significant irreversible movement in this study. It is important to maintain the stress ratio at soil–structure interfaces below the threshold value to minimise relative movement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".