Mammoth (<i>Mammuthus</i>) of probable last interglacial age from southwestern Minnesota, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on a fragmented skull with molars and tusks of a mammoth ( Mammuthus) from southwesternmost Minnesota. Surficial deposits in this corner of the state show that the area was ice-free between the Wisconsinan-age Des Moines Lobe and the James Lobe immediately to the west in South Dakota. Here, we report on the Late Pleistocene age mammoth from a new locality, the Chapman Mammoth Locality, within this interlobe area. We propose that the Chapman mammoth dates to the Sangamonian Interglacial (MIS 5a–e; “Sangamon Complex”; 128–75 ka) based on geological context. Given the available measurements of the Chapman molars and tusks as compared to other morphometric data on mammoths from around the continent, we cautiously identify the specimen as a large, older individual that belongs to Mammuthus columbi, the Columbian mammoth, or possibly Mammuthus jeffersonii, Jefferson's mammoth. Although mammoths are known from Minnesota, detailed morphological or chronological data have been presented in the literature for only a few. The Chapman Mammoth remains put a premium on better understanding the Sangamonian Interglacial fauna and flora of Minnesota.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".