A report of two non-native shipworms (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Teredinidae) in the warm waters of Ladysmith Harbour, British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural wood and test panel surveys conducted in 2014 and 2023–2024 found three species of shipworms, one native and two non-native, in Ladysmith Harbour, British Columbia, Canada. The native species Bankia setacea (Tryon, 1863) is a northern cold water species, documented as resident since the 1800s. It was documented in the 2014 surveys and again in 2017 in Ladysmith Harbour. It is oviparous and the largest of the three. The other two species, Teredo bartschi W. Clapp, 1923 and Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758, are non-native brooders with cosmopolitan distributions. The known distribution in Canada of Teredo bartschi is limited to the warm waters at the head of Ladysmith Harbour and was collected in 1981, 2014, and 2024. This is the northernmost record on the northeast Pacific coast for Teredo bartschi. The 1981 sample reported as both Lyrodus takanoshimensis (Roch, 1929) and Lyrodus pedicellatus (de Quatrefages, 1849) in Ladysmith Harbor are corrected herein to Teredo bartschi. Surveys in 2024 found Teredo navalis for the first time at this location; this is the second record of this species in British Columbia. Possible pathways of introduction of the two non-natives include the import of oysters in wooden crates from Japan for aquaculture, the historical activity of wooden vessels, both commercial and recreational and log transport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".