Dynamics and role of covalently-closed circular RNAs in Alzheimer's disease: A review of experimental and bioinformatics studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated disorder characterized by cognitive decline, with dementia representing the final stage of a complex clinical-biological process rather than simply a more severe form of cognitive decline. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), novel non-coding RNAs, have emerged as key regulators of brain function and associated disorders. This study explores the role of circRNAs in AD by reviewing experimentally validated circRNAs in human and animal models. We identified 10 human (seven pathogenic, three protective) and six animal (three pathogenic, three protective) AD-related circRNAs. Experimental studies have confirmed that human protective circRNAs are predominantly downregulated in AD, where they function by sequestering specific miRNAs within cells, particularly miR-7, miR-142–5p, and miR-217, which have well-recognized neuroinflammatory functions. In-silico analysis revealed that circLPAR1 (pathogenic), circHUWE1 (pathogenic), and circHOMER1 (protective) interact with miRNAs that mainly control AD-related genes. Notably, circHOMER1 plays a key role in regulating multiple AD-related pathways, including autophagy, apoptosis, and PI3K-AKT and amyloid fiber formation. Furthermore, circRNA/protein interaction analysis revealed that circHUWE1 predominantly associates with RNA transport proteins, whereas circHOMER1 interacts with proteins involved in mRNA surveillance pathways. Remarkably, docking analysis demonstrated that circAβ-a (pathogenic) exhibits a strong affinity for eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 protein, while circHOMER1 shows a higher binding affinity for DGCR8 microprocessor complex subunit protein. Our study presents a concise list of circRNAs as potential key targets for further investigation in AD research. Future experimental research is essential to uncover their precise mechanisms and assess their potential as biomarkers, offering promising avenues for developing interventions to alleviate cognitive decline in AD. • 10 human circRNAs have been experimentally confirmed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). • circ-LPAR1 interacts with a higher number (over 30) of AD-related miRNAs. • circ-LPAR1, -HUWE1, and -HOMER1 miRNA interactions regulate AD-related pathways. • ELAVL1, FMR1, and AGO2 are top-hub proteins interacting with AD-related circRNAs. • circAβ-α and -HOMER1 have higher affinity to EIF4A3 and DGCR8 proteins respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".