Assessing size at sexual maturity and fine-scale population structure in a direct developing whelk (<i>Buccinum undatum</i>) in Southern Newfoundland, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Buccinum undatum (waved whelk) is a neogastropod with several small-scale commercial fisheries in Atlantic Canada. Whelks are vulnerable to overfishing, partly because they lack a pelagic larval phase. To date, no studies in the Northwest Atlantic have synthesized demographic and genetic data to explore the species’ biology at a fishery relevant scale. We quantified patterns of genetic structure in whelks within both the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization subdivision 3Ps fishing zone and in the broader Northwest Atlantic, and estimated length at first maturity ( L50) of 3Ps whelks. Genetic structure estimates were low, indicating one genetic population within 3Ps, with subtle but significant differentiation across the Northwest Atlantic. L50 was 64.0 and 69.9 mm for males and females, respectively and above the regional minimum legal size of 63 mm. Our results suggest that separate regional management of Northwest Atlantic fisheries is appropriate. Within 3Ps, whelks are genetically well-mixed, but the implications for population persistence and management remain unknown. To safeguard the stock in the face of continued fishing, further assessments of demographic traits are warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".