A 10-year study of HDPE geomembrane longevity in contact with low pH solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The long-term performance of a high-density polyethylene geomembrane (GMB) immersed in acidic solutions is assessed over a 10-year accelerated ageing period. The immersion solutions had pH values of 0.5, 1.25, and 2.0, with chemistry likely encompassing that found after the leaching of copper, nickel, and uranium in heap leaching processes. With seven more years of data beyond previous studies on the same GMB, this work provides improved estimates of antioxidant depletion times at typical liner temperatures, as well as new data on the changes in physical and mechanical properties due to degradation over time. Despite the significant increase in acid concentration, degradation was shown to be independent of pH. Based on the most conservative estimates, the time to nominal failure of the GMB examined exceeds 210 years at 20 °C, and 35 years at 50 °C when immersed in the low pH solutions. In a composite liner configuration, the time to nominal failure was estimated to be over 120 years at 50 °C, over 390 years at 30 °C, and over 1400 years at 10 °C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".