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Record W4409360252 · doi:10.1139/cgj-2024-0653

Grading model for fine soil classification using cone penetration testing

2025· article· en· W4409360252 on OpenAlex
Xuesen Liu, Tao Liu, Yuxue Cui, Yan Zhang, Guojun Cai, Yuanzhe Zhan

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Geotechnical Journal · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicGeophysical Methods and Applications
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersNational Natural Science Foundation of China
KeywordsGeotechnical engineeringGrading (engineering)Cone penetration testSoil waterPenetration testGeologyPenetration (warfare)EngineeringForensic engineeringSoil scienceCivil engineeringOperations researchSubgrade

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The grading of fine-grained soils is one of fundamental properties, and studying how to obtain this information using in situ methods is essential. However, existing cone penetration tests (CPT) lack a direct approach for measuring particle size and its content. To address that issue, the relationship between cone tip resistance ( q c ) and sleeve friction resistance ( f s ) with these curve parameters (CPs) was established using in situ CPT. Finally, an expression for the grading curves based on the results obtained from the CPT was presented. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) An exponential relationship exists between fine content and the variation pattern of fitting parameters used to characterize the grading curve, depending on the soil layer type. (2) The depth-corrected CPs are related to the q c and f s by a power function, revealing a link between the CPT and grading curve; (3) by utilizing global CPT and soil layer data, the boundaries of CPs were precisely defined, and the content of different particle sizes across various soil layers was predicted. The applicability of the fitting results was then analyzed for both homogeneous fine-grained soils and complex soil type.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.869
Threshold uncertainty score0.438

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.080
GPT teacher head0.300
Teacher spread0.220 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it