Optimized process to produce calcium acetate from waste blue mussel shells and its use as a de-icer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The preparation of calcium acetate from mussel ( Mytilus edulis) shells and acetic acid was optimized via design of experiments. The solid product was identified as the monohydrate via powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the morphology of the crystalline product consisted of prismatic crystals of approximate dimensions 100 × 1 × 1 μm. Comparisons were made to optical grade calcite (Iceland spar) in place of the biosourced calcium carbonate for the synthesis. An exploratory central composite design compared the yield of calcium acetate with respect to shell material used (shells dried in air at room temperature, dried at 220 °C, or calcined), concentration of acetic acid, and time. The yield of Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 ·H 2 O was optimized further using heated, crushed shells using a custom optimal design. A maximum yield of 93% was reached after 32 h using 9% v/ v CH 3 COOH or an 85% yield using food-grade white vinegar after 24 h. De-icing experiments showed that Ca(CH 3 COO) 2 ·H 2 O produced from waste blue mussel shells melted 6 wt.% of ice at a concentration of 30% ( m/ v). For comparison, 11 wt.% defrosted using CaCl 2 30% ( m/ v) and 13 wt.% defrosted using NaCl 30% ( m/ v). Further optimization of the material as a de-icer would be needed before any upscaling but others have shown that NaOH as an additive can improve performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".