Pneumatic-vibratory probe compaction inducing horizontal stress increase in collapsible loess
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focuses on the horizontal stress changes induced by pneumatic-vibratory probe compaction (PVPC) in collapsible loess, aiming to reveal the mechanism through which PVPC reinforces loess foundations. Field tests with compaction grid spacings of 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 m demonstrated that the collapsibility of the soil layer within an 8 m depth range was completely eliminated. Cone resistance and sleeve resistance increased by more than 100% on average, indicating significant reinforcement. Horizontal stress changes caused by the vertical vibration of PVPC are primarily influenced by the sleeve resistance ratio, with minimal dependency on the friction angle. The horizontal stress ratio ( K1/ K0) increased markedly in the upper 0–4.0 m, ranging from 4.0 to 8.0, and stabilized in the 4.0–7.5 m range at values between 1.9 and 3.1. Microstructural analysis revealed that PVPC reorganizes soil particles, increasing density, reducing internal voids, enhancing inter-particle bonding, and redistributing stress within the soil. These changes collectively explain the significant elevation in horizontal stress, which improves the stability and load-bearing capacity of loess foundations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".