Correlation of peripheral olfactomedin 1 with Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive functions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1) is thought to be involved in neuronal development, synaptic structure and function. However, the expression level of peripheral OLFM1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its role in AD are unclear. The present study was conducted to assess the relationship of serum OLFM1 with AD and cognitive function. This study comprised 120 patients with AD and 118 healthy controls (HC). Serum OLFM1 levels, cognitive functions, and brain region volumes were evaluated in all participants. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in serum OLFM1 levels in AD patients (749.8 ± 42.3 pg/mL) compared to HC (804.4 ± 45.7 pg/mL). Among participants carrying the APOE ε4 allele, a significant positive correlation was observed between OLFM1 levels and cognitive assessments, including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Memory and Executive Screening (MES). Furthermore, reduced OLFM1 levels were significantly associated with hippocampus (β = 0.005, 95% CI = 0.001-0.011, p = 0.042) and angular gyrus (β = 0.012, 95% CI = 0.001-0.022, p = 0.025) atrophy. The integration of serum OLFM1 with basic clinical characteristics exhibited robust discriminatory power in differentiating AD patients from HC, evidenced by an area under the curve of 0.881 (95% CI = 0.834-0.926). In summary, serum OLFM1 is a potential peripheral biomarker for AD, that correlates with cognitive function and specific brain volumes. In addition, APOE ε4 may modulate the influence of OLFM1 on cognitive function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".