Religiosity in the Jewish Legion and Reverend Leib Aisack Falk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jewish units and the Jewish LegionWhen, early in the First World War, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, Zionist leaders, notably Vladimir (later Ze'ev) Jabotinsky and Joseph Trumpeldor, realized that active Jewish support for the Allies would become an important factor in obtaining recognition of national Jewish status after the war.Their pressure led to the formation of the Zion Mule Corps, an officially non-combatant service unit comprising principally Jews who had been exiled by the Ottomans from Palestine to Alexandria.Its commanding officer was Lt. Col. John Henry Patterson, DSO (10 November 1867-18 June 1947), a fiery Irish Protestant, veteran of the South African War, big-game hunter, disciplinarian, philosemite, and Zionist. 2 In 1915 the Corps with its mules served with distinction at Gallipoli, becoming for all practical purposes a combatant unit.Trumpeldor served as an officer in the Corps and as Patterson's deputy at Gallipoli.Shortly after the Gallipoli campaign the Corps was disbanded.3 The Jewish Legion was created in August 1917 and came to comprise three battalions of the Royal Fusiliers ("Jewish Legion" was never in fact an official term).4 The 38th Battalion comprised essentially British volunteers, former members of the Zion Mule Corps, and Russian Jews living in Britain, some of whom were forced into service by the Military Service Convention between Britain and Russia of July 1917; the 39th comprised essentially Jews from the United States, Canada, and Argentina; and the 40th comprised more than a thousand Palestinian Jews, together with ninety-two Turkish Jews who had been captured while fighting for the Ottoman Empire and had applied and been allowed to enlist.The Legionnaires wore a cap badge with the emblem of a menorah and the word "Kadima" meaning "forward".They also wore a Star of David University Press, 2013), 64.For the first survey of the subject see my Jewish Chaplaincy in the British Armed Forces: Captains of the Souls of Men, 1892-2021 (London and Chicago: Vallentine Mitchell, 2022).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".