Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: A symbiotic ally against diarrhea along with modulation of gut microbial ecological networks via tryptophan metabolism and AHR-Nrf2 signaling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• The study highlights the beneficial effects of the dominant symbiotic bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron on intestinal health in pigs, particularly in alleviating post-weaning diarrhea. • It integrates in vivo animal studies, in vivo co-culture systems, and cellular experiments to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying B. thetaiotaomicron’s probiotic functions. • The research emphasizes how B. thetaiotaomicron modulates gut microbiota composition and microbial ecological network interactions, thereby contributing to the maintenance of intestinal health in young mammals. • B. thetaiotaomicron produces antimicrobial compounds that directly inhibit the growth and colonization of pathogenic bacteria, highlighting its potential as a natural defense against intestinal infections. • In addition, its metabolic products enhance intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, reduce inflammation, and improve mucosal immune responses via the AHR–Nrf2 signaling pathway, further promoting gut health. Bacteroides is a crucial mucosal symbiotic bacterium in mammals, with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( B. thetaiotaomicron ) being particularly noteworthy as a glyco-specialist due to its significant nutritional impact. However, the potential effects of B. thetaiotaomicron on host health remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of microbial community changes and the molecular mechanisms mediated by microbial metabolites in alleviating piglet diarrhea through B. thetaiotaomicron intervention. Cold stress was induced in piglets to trigger stress-induced diarrhea. The control group and B group were administered a blank medium and 1 × 10 8 CFU of B. thetaiotaomicron , respectively, on days 1, 3, and 5. The diarrhea rate and growth performance of the piglets were recorded during the experimental period. Based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, microbial ecological networks analysis, and metabolomics analysis, the composition and changes of the colonic microbiota and metabolites were analyzed. The antibacterial capacity and anti-inflammatory molecular mechanisms of B. thetaiotaomicron metabolites were analyzed through in vitro antibacterial assays and inflammatory cell models. B. thetaiotaomicron administration alleviated diarrhea and improved the growth performance of piglets. It modulated the composition and interactions of the intestinal microbiota, with microbial metabolites primarily enriched in the tryptophan metabolism pathway—especially indole and its derivatives, which were closely associated with host phenotypes. In vitro co-culture experiments showed that B. thetaiotaomicron metabolites inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Further experiments demonstrated that these metabolites, including indole, enhanced epithelial barrier function and attenuated TNF-α-induced inflammation and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, highlighting the involvement of the AHR-Nrf2 signaling pathway in mediating these protective effects. In conclusion, this study offers a theoretical framework for understanding the role of the symbiotic bacterium B. thetaiotaomicron in the gut microbiota ecosystem during diarrhea and its interactions with the host’s intestinal tract.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".