Associations of State-Level Alcohol Policies and Population Use Rates With Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking Among U.S. 4-Year College Students, 2008–2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of binge drinking among U.S. college students has decreased over the last two decades but remains high. We examined the extent to which state-level alcohol policies and drinking environments are associated with excessive and underage alcohol use among college students. METHOD: Repeated cross-sectional surveys were administered to 902,486 college students ages 18-24 years from 591 4-year institutions in 47 states biannually from 2008 to 2019. Time-varying, state-level Alcohol Policy Scale (APS) scores and population-level binge drinking and alcohol consumption rates were examined in relation to students' 30-day alcohol use (1+ days) and frequent use (20+ days), and 2-week binge drinking (5+ drinks in a sitting). RESULTS: < .01). Associations were significant for underage students (ages 18-20 years) but significantly stronger for older students (ages 21-24 years). State population levels of binge drinking and alcohol consumption were only positively associated with drinking outcomes for students age 21 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use and binge drinking were less prevalent among young adults attending college in states with more restrictive alcohol policies and among students age 21 and older in states with lower state rates of binge drinking and alcohol consumption. Lifelong patterns of alcohol use can begin in college, and findings indicate that state alcohol policies are a foundation on which community- and campus-level preventive efforts can build.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".