Three‐Dimensional Free‐Breathing Ultrashort Echo Time (UTE) <sup>1</sup>H MRI Regional Ventilation: Comparison With Hyperpolarized <sup>129</sup>Xe MRI and Pulmonary Function Testing in Healthy Volunteers and People With Cystic Fibrosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT MRI can provide localized assessment of lung function for monitoring people with lung disease. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI directly images pulmonary gas distribution but requires specialized hardware. Conventional 1 H MRI acquisitions can also provide functional maps using free‐breathing approaches. The purpose of this study is to evaluate regional ventilation derived from 3D ultrashort echo‐time (UTE) 1 H MRI using Motion‐Compensated Low‐Rank constrained reconstruction (MoCoLoR), by comparing against 129 Xe MRI and pulmonary function testing as reference‐standard. The study is retrospective in design. The study included 57 participants (25.4 ± 15.8 years, 35 males and 22 females): 12 healthy volunteers, 20 pediatric, and 25 adult people with cystic fibrosis (CF) scanned between January 2022 and February 2023. Field strength/sequence: 3T; 129 Xe: 2D multislice spoiled gradient‐recalled sequence; UTE 1 H: variable‐density 3D radial sequence. K‐means‐based 129 Xe ventilation defect percent (VDP), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ), and lung clearance index (LCI) were evaluated against UTE 1 H VDP from a modified k‐means method. The correspondence of ventilation defect maps from 129 Xe and UTE 1 H was also evaluated. Statistical tests included the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ) and t tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. 129 Xe and UTE 1 H VDP were significantly correlated ( r = 0.64, p = ). Bland–Altman analysis showed a bias of −0.05 ( p = ) and limits of agreement of (0.07, −0.17). The Dice spatial accuracy of the UTE‐based ventilation defect regions using 129 Xe as reference was 0.64 ± 0.05. UTE 1 H VDP was significantly correlated with FEV 1 ( r = −0.54, p = ) and LCI ( r = 0.48, p = ) and was significantly different between healthy and CF participants ( p = 0.017), although the correlations and differences were stronger for 129 Xe VDP. UTE 1 H VDP correlated with 129 Xe VDP, FEV 1 , and LCI, and demonstrated high, consistent Dice spatial accuracy against 129 Xe VDP. UTE 1 H VDP captured variations in lung ventilation and has the advantage that it can be widely implemented on any MR system for evaluation and monitoring of patients with lung disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".