Fe-doped asphaltenes carbon dots for tumor magnetic resonance imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Iron-based contrast agents have recently garnered attention as positive (T1) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents providing an alternative to gadolinium-based contrast agents mired with the nephrogenic systemic fibrosis downsides. Whereas the magnetic cores of iron enable T1 MRI contrast enhancement, the non-magnetic materials (e.g., polymers) usually deployed to stabilize the metal cores affect bulk water diffusion to the iron centers. We present an innovative approach in designing biocompatible complex of asphaltene-derived carbon dots (ACDs) with iron (ACD-Fe), where the ACDs enhanced hydrophilicity improves accessibility of Fe3+ centers to water molecules to achieve effective tumor MRI. The ACD-Fe design strategy involves synthesizing ACDs at a lower temperature (80 °C) with high mass yield, followed by iron doping via easy complexation with FeCl3 at room temperature. The ACD-Fe complex thus serves as tissue-tolerant T1 MRI contrast agent (r1 = 1.33 mM−1s−1) for tumor imaging. This report pioneers the use of asphaltene-derived materials in MRI and tumor imaging, presenting a low-cost, scalable synthesis protocol for the ACD-Fe complex as an effective T1 MRI contrast agent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".