Induced Polarization (<i>IP</i>) of Soil as a Source of Error in the Measurement of Polarized Cathodic Protection Potentials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract It is generally accepted that a buried steel structure cannot be cathodically polarized to a potential much more electronegative than approximately -1.2 VCSE, due to the limiting potential encountered with the electrolysis of water. Nevertheless, cathodic protection data obtained in the field often includes off-potential measurements significantly more electronegative than would seem possible in theory. While there are a variety of possible explanations for such erroneous data (e.g. the failure to interrupt all influential current sources), it is proposed that in some cases, the polarization of the soil itself may be responsible. Time-domain induced polarization (IP) is a well-established geophysical survey technique in which the polarization characteristics of the soil are quantified, as a means of identifying mineral deposits. This paper discusses the theory behind the IP technique, and suggests how the polarization of certain soils might lead to off-potential measurements which are more electronegative than the true polarized potentials of a cathodically protected structure. Off-potential data from one case history is presented to support this theory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".