Effect of Temperature on the Corrosion Performance of UNS K91560 Steel in the Partial Upgrading of Oilsands Bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Partial upgrading of oilsands bitumen has been considered as an effective approach to reducing the usage of diluent during the pipeline transportation of raw bitumen to its market with less economic pressure and greenhouse gases emission. Thermal cracking is a mature technology in oil and gas industry to break large molecules to smaller ones, which can be easily adopted in partial upgrading to produce a less viscous bitumen. Previous studies indicated that the temperature for thermal cracking of bitumen should be limited to 400 °C to maintain a satisfactory liquid yield. However, the corrosion of partial upgrader constructional materials under thermal cracking conditions remains a safety concern for long-term operations. In this work, a low-alloyed steel, UNS K91560, was exposed to thermal cracking of a Canadian oilsands bitumen in the temperature range of 360 – 400 °C. The samples exposed to the liquid phase experienced more severe corrosion than those exposed to the gas phase. Much higher corrosion rates were observed at enhanced upgrading temperatures. Characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM/EDS were employed to examine the formed corrosion products. The corrosion mechanisms were explored based on the characterization results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".