Differences in fur cortisol levels of three migratory bats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding how organisms respond to their environments is challenging, especially due to the complex processes related to metabolism, energetics, and reproduction. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are metabolic hormones that provide insight into internal process and may trigger a variety of behaviors. To understand how changes to the environment influence wildlife, we must ideally measure levels of GCs in wildlife populations that are relatively undisturbed by anthropogenic change or natural disaster. In free-ranging mammals, cortisol is a primary GC hormone and can be measured in fur. Bats are the only mammalian order to have evolved true flight and, in North America, most species of bats are in the family Vespertilionidae. By measuring cortisol levels during energetically expensive periods of an animal's life history, we can document 'baseline levels' related to different life stages, sexes, and ages. We collected fur from hoary (Lasiurus cinereus), silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans), and little-brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) bats from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Herein we report their baseline levels of fur cortisol, noting interspecific differences between species. We found that bats known to migrate longer distances had higher levels compared to bats that migrate shorter distances, and then hibernate. Interestingly, we found no differences in levels between the reproductive stages for any species. Finally, both silver-haired and hoary bats show a strong difference in fur cortisol levels between adults and juveniles. We suggest that the elevated levels are likely associated with events for mothers during lactation which are then incorporated into the pups' fur while nursing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".