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Record W4409493700 · doi:10.1177/10664807251329566

Inclusion of Relationship and Religion/Spirituality Issues in Mental Health Counseling During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Canadian Practitioners

2025· article· en· W4409493700 on OpenAlex
Bonnie K. Lee, Chance A. Bell, Samuel Ofori Dei

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Family Journal · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Lethbridge
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMental healthSpiritualityPandemicInclusion (mineral)Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Psychology2019-20 coronavirus outbreakSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)PsychotherapistPsychiatryClinical psychologyMedicineSocial psychologyAlternative medicineVirologyDisease

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Relationship (REL) and religion/spirituality (R/S) concerns were prominent during the COVID-19 pandemic but mental health practitioners’ engagement with these issues was unclear. A survey of Canadian mental health practitioners’ ( N = 155) based on a convenience sample in two provinces revealed that overall 66% of practitioners reported engagement with REL and 33% with R/S in their first three counseling sessions. Three latent analysis profiles of engagement emerged: Low ( n = 18), Moderate ( n = 91), and High ( n = 46). Confidence and appraisal of the importance of working with REL and R/S strongly predicted engagement in all three groups. Demographically, High Engagers compared to Moderate/Low Engagers tended to be older with more experience, identify as East Asian and Indigenous, Christian or spiritual, hold doctoral degrees, trained as marriage and family therapists and professional counselors and typically working with couples and families in their service. Practitioners reported the least confidence working with couples relative to parenting, generational and workplace issues. Desire expressed to enhance their skills in REL was 64% and 56% for R/S. Implications for training and leveraging the systemic strengths brought by couple and family therapists to meet the needs of future pandemics are highlighted.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.014
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.094
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0140.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0020.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.109
GPT teacher head0.429
Teacher spread0.320 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it