Use of Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Guided Wave Ultrasonic Monitoring Technologies on Underground Piping
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Guided wave ultrasonic (GWUT) technology has been used for more than 20 years to assess the integrity condition of aboveground and underground piping. An integrity verification of underground piping was conducted using two (2) technologies to generate guided waves. The first technology uses a belt of piezoelectric sensors in direct contact with the piping surface. The second technology uses a magnetostrictive sensor (MsS) to couple the waves into piping by a cobalt alloy-steel ribbon. The piezoelectric technology was used to inspect a combined 2.2 km of (nominal pipe size) NPS 3, NPS 6, NPS 8, NPS10, NPS 12, and NPS 20 underground piping in 46 segments. The MsS technology was used to inspect a comb0ined 1.025 km of NPS 4, NPS 6, and NPS 8 underground piping in 34 segments. While GWUT has been used by the industry for many years, there is still a lack of information related to its performance when inspecting underground piping. This paper documents the results of using both technologies for integrity verification of underground piping while at the same time providing information regarding the effect of field-related variables such as coating type, coating condition, presence of bends, pipe contents and soil cover among others.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".