The Production of Laterals by English-Arabic Bilingual Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to measure the accentual feature of the acoustic properties of English and Arabic alveolar laterals produced by Arabic-English bilinguals. More precisely, it examines whether bilinguals develop or maintain separate spectral and temporal properties for the sounds of their community when these converge with the phonetic properties of their first language. Further, it investigates the effect of syllable position in the acoustic production of Arabic and English laterals. Finally, it explores if there is any phonetic convergence of the laterals in each language due to the elicitation of a bilingual language mode. The acoustic analysis of bilinguals' realizations of /l/ consists of the F1, F2, F2-F1, and F3-F2 differences values expressed in Hertz and Bark. These values are extracted from the midpoint of the laterals and realized in three contexts: word-initial, word-medial, and word-final positions. The results reveal that bilinguals exhibit language-specific phonetic distribution and relatively acoustic accommodation in realizing laterals when code-switching tokens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".