Where are the Fathers? Reincorporation, Family Relations and Gendered Parenthood in Colombia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research on Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs increasingly pays attention to reintegration’s gendered dynamics and the position of women ex-combatants in this process. Nevertheless, there is scant attention to how DDR fails to make the connection between the private and public spheres of ex-combatants’ lives, and to how DDR programs understand family relations mainly with respect to women’s role as mothers. Men’s roles as husbands and fathers have been studied even less. This article contributes original empirical data on the reincorporation process of the former FARC-EP guerrillas in Colombia. Based on long-term ethnographic research in Colombia’s northeastern region, it shows how the lack of attention to familial ties and parenthood – instead of only motherhood – hampers women ex-combatants’ possibilities for economic and political reincorporation. The article explores women’s experience of motherhood in the FARC-EP and after disarmament, describing how the complexities of re-unifying broken families and the challenges posed by the so-called FARC-EP ‘baby-boom’ are mainly experienced by women, due to essentialist understandings of gender and family. Combined with the near-absolute lack of attention for masculinities and men’s caring and household tasks, this places a heavy burden on women with potential emotional and legal consequences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".